/Rotate 0 >> endobj endobj /StructParents 59 /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] >> /Font << /GS0 125 0 R /Resources << >> When Gary Phillips started his career as a young teacher, the education world was a radically different place. The law has three basic objectives: Make more individuals eligible for affordable health insurance. /TT2 226 0 R /Rotate 0 >> >> /MC0 129 0 R /Parent 14 0 R << << /Parent 2 0 R >> >> /Font << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /LetterspaceFlags 0 >> >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Parent 9 0 R /GS0 125 0 R /Contents 256 0 R /Dest [103 0 R /XYZ 0 751 null] /ExtGState << /GS0 125 0 R /Parent 10 0 R Routledge. Grant-maintained status was created by the Education Reform Act 1988, as part of the programme of the Conservative government to create greater diversity in educational provision and to weaken the influence of local education authorities.. GM schools would be owned and managed by their own boards of school governors, rather than the local authority. 52 0 obj /Parent 11 0 R /TT0 120 0 R /Contents 250 0 R /Properties << 50 0 obj /MC0 129 0 R /Properties << The best schools become oversubscribed often with four or more pupils competing for each place. /Resources << /Type /Catalog /MC0 129 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /StructParents 41 They are academies . /StructParents 79 /CropBox [0 0 595 842] >> /Parent 13 0 R You cant close down failing schools until they have completely collapsed their roll. There were no league tables, no Ofsted, no academies or free schools. /Type /Page >> >> >> endobj << However, no matter the intention, there are disadvantages of inclusive education as well. /TT2 121 0 R /TT0 120 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /TT2 121 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Font << /Font << It is usually the benefits of education that are extolled from time to time and there is much strength in that argument since the one thing that separates man from animals is the ability to advance knowledge and expertise from . /Rotate 0 /Contents 274 0 R /Parent 3 0 R /GS0 125 0 R endobj /StructParents 38 /Rotate 0 /GS0 125 0 R /Parent 11 0 R /Font << /GS0 125 0 R /Parent 13 0 R >> /Parent 12 0 R endobj Where did all the GCSE pupils go and why has no one noticed? /Contents 225 0 R 60 0 obj << >> Focusing on exam results and league table position causes stress for pupils as more pressure is put on them to perform well in SATS. >> /TT1 121 0 R /Rotate 0 /Properties << /Contents 252 0 R /GS0 125 0 R >> /Type /Page /ExtGState << /Type /Page >> >> /ExtGState << 36 0 obj /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Properties << /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Contents 302 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /GS0 125 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] >> /MC0 129 0 R /Font << >> /Resources << 116 0 obj /GS0 125 0 R >> >> /Properties << /Properties << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /MC0 129 0 R /TT0 120 0 R /StructParents 39 /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /TT1 121 0 R >> >> /Count 78 >> This act is the major policy change of the last 50 years in British education, and associated with the ideas of the New Right. If the states in the U.S. are in charge of setting their own standards of education, then it creates a system where every territory, district, and legislature could set their own expectations for curriculum development. /MarkedPDF << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Title (The 1988 Education Reform Act and Its Consequences ) By Cyril John Barlongo. charts developments since the 1988 Act and calls for a Royal Commission to undertake a root-and-branch investigation into the politicisation of education. Last September the Wakefield City academies trust gave up all its schools. >> 49 0 obj /Parent 17 0 R /ExtGState << >> >> /Contents 290 0 R /Resources << /MC0 129 0 R >> >> /ExtGState << >> /StructParents 84 26 0 obj education, discipline that is concerned with methods of teaching and learning in schools or school-like environments as opposed to various nonformal and informal means of socialization (e.g., rural development projects and education through parent-child relationships). >> /StructParents 18 /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /ExtGState << 71 0 obj /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Resources << >> /GS0 125 0 R It has stirred up heated responses from supporters of both sides in mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, and among overseas Chinese communities with its implications of political ideology and cultural identity. /Resources << >> /GS0 125 0 R >> /Type /Page /MC0 129 0 R /TT2 231 0 R >> << /Type /Page /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Type /Page >> /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /MC0 129 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] >> >> /ExtGState << In the U.S. healthcare system, medical professionals are not employed by the government.Instead, they provide medical and health services privately and are reimbursed by the government for these services, in much the same way that insurance companies . /Resources << /Im1 126 0 R /TT1 121 0 R /MC0 129 0 R endobj >> >> >> /Resources << /Font << /First 113 0 R >> 106 0 obj /Contents 273 0 R /Font << Phillips, who seriously considered academy conversion for his school but decided to stay within Lambeth local authority, believes the innovative instincts behind the early academies have evaporated in the rush for mass academisation. endobj /ExtGState << /TT1 226 0 R /StructParents 58 >> 13 0 obj /Font << /MC0 129 0 R /Type /Page /Properties << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Type /Page /Font << /Kids [52 0 R 53 0 R 54 0 R 55 0 R 56 0 R 57 0 R 58 0 R 59 0 R 60 0 R 61 0 R] >> Appointed President of the Board of Education in 1941, Richard 'Rab' Butler passed an Education Act in 1944, promising 'Secondary Education for All'. The Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Artificial Intelligence in Human Resource Management In the last few decades, technology has exerted a profound influence on human resources management (HR). /Properties << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Contents 220 0 R Education Reformed: A Guide to the Education Reform Act . /TT0 120 0 R >> /TT0 120 0 R Weaknesses. /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] Situated in one of the most deprived parts of the country, it was propelled into the national headlines when the former cabinet minister and local parent Oliver Letwin proclaimed at a Tory party conference fringe meeting that he would rather beg on the streets than send his children to the school closest to where he lived. 0000010001 00000 n /ExtGState << /Properties << >> >> >> >> /GS0 125 0 R /Type /Pages /Properties << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Font << /MC0 129 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /TT1 226 0 R Prior to 1988 Local Education Authorities still had control over the education budgets for counties and they did not necessarily allocated funding to schools based on pupil numbers. /StructParents 82 /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Rotate 0 stream >> The Office for Standards in Education (Ofsted) was formed under the Education (Schools) Act 1992, as part of the major overhaul and centralisation of the school system begun by the Education Reform Act 1988, which introduced the National Curriculum, extensive testing in schools and the publication of league tables. 17 0 obj >> 180 0 R 181 0 R 182 0 R 183 0 R 184 0 R 185 0 R 186 0 R 187 0 R 188 0 R 189 0 R /Properties << /GS0 125 0 R CQ Library American political resources opens in new tab; Data Planet A universe of data opens in new tab; SAGE Business Cases Real-world cases at your fingertips opens in new tab; SAGE Campus Online skills and methods courses opens in new tab; SAGE Knowledge The ultimate social science library opens in new tab; SAGE Research Methods The ultimate methods library . >> 82 0 obj >> This is achieved through making schools compete with one another for pupils and government funding, in the same way in which businesses compete with each other for customers, sales and profits. /Title >> /ExtGState << The 1988 Education reform act was one of the most notable and significantly developed legislation since the last radical regulation, the education act of 1944. . /Parent 17 0 R /StructParents 71 endobj /Font << << endobj << /Contents 298 0 R 1 0 obj All that changed 30 years ago this summer with the introduction of the 1988 Education Reform Act, a huge piece of legislation that introduced the national curriculum and the idea of diversity and a schools market in which parents would vote with their feet, in theory encouraging the best schools to expand and the worst to improve or close. >> /Contents 258 0 R >> /Rotate 0 /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Font << The one-day forum of presentations and /TT0 120 0 R /TT0 120 0 R /ExtGState << Following ARE THE Advantaged and Disadvantaged of New Education Policy 2020. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] List of the Pros of Federal Involvement in Education. /Font << >> endobj The benefits of inclusion are many. /Type /Page But that would require great political leadership now, says Gary Phillips. >> >> Parentocracy refers to giving parents the choice over which schools to send their children too. Education Reform Act 1988. endobj /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] Theres also the fact that no successive government has actually changed the fundamental foundations of the act, which suggests its working. >> /StructParents 67 >> /GS0 125 0 R /Contents 267 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /ExtGState << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Resources << Alternative types of schooling in the UK Faith schools Independent Special schools Home schooling Task: Give a definition for each types of school and give at least three advantages and disadvantages. << /Rotate 0 endobj /TT1 121 0 R >> /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /TT0 120 0 R >> /Resources << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Font << endobj Information in this post was derived from a selection of the main A-level sociology text books. >> /Font << >> /Rotate 0 /TT1 226 0 R /Resources << B 'Bad' schools would lose . >> 30 0 obj /Type /Page /Properties << Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page 79 0 obj Initially, many health insurance companieslacking the information they needed to ensure their financial stabilityleft the ACA's marketplaces. >> >> /Font << /GS0 125 0 R Not all students learn at the same pace or have the same skills mastered, particularly those with learning disabilities. love it! >> To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below: Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content? /Type /Page /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Next 307 0 R /TT1 121 0 R /Font << /Font << /TT2 226 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /CropBox [0 0 595 842] Gage, N.L. 0000002006 00000 n endobj Disadvantages of Inclusive Education. 44 0 obj /Rotate 0 /ExtGState << Open Enrolment is where parents are allowed to select multiple schools to send their children too, but only specifying one as their first choice. /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Font << << >> /Font << /ExtGState << /TT0 120 0 R The Education Reform Act ( 1988) (ERA) sets education within the context of the spiritual, moral, cultural, mental and physical development of pupils and of society. 41 0 obj /Font << Inequality of Education Opportunity increases the best schools get better and the worst get worse. 0000001418 00000 n /Properties << The national curriculum required that all schools teach the same subject content from the age of 7-16. /Font << /Properties << >> The tables are published in many newspapers and online. 63 0 obj /Type /Page /Parent 17 0 R /Last 19 0 R /Rotate 0 /Parent 12 0 R >> 35 0 obj /Type /Page >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] >> << /TT1 121 0 R >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] 18 0 obj /GS0 125 0 R << /Type /Page /Rotate 0 /TT0 120 0 R /TT0 120 0 R /Parent 15 0 R & Berliner David C. 1992. . /Parent 11 0 R >> /ExtGState << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Type /Page /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /MC0 129 0 R >> >> /Type /Page /Properties << /Type /Page /Kids [42 0 R 43 0 R 44 0 R 45 0 R 46 0 R 47 0 R 48 0 R 49 0 R 50 0 R 51 0 R] /Rotate 0 /TT0 120 0 R /TT0 120 0 R /GS0 125 0 R >> 4 0 obj >> /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /MC0 129 0 R /Contents 297 0 R 48 0 obj /Resources << OFSTED reports are published and underachieving school are shut if they consistently receive bad reports. /GS0 125 0 R /GS0 125 0 R 98 0 obj But perhaps the biggest weakness of the market has been the failure to guarantee enough good teachers and challenging schools that struggle in performance measures often find it the hardest to recruit good teachers. << 84 0 obj /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] >> << /GS0 125 0 R /MC0 129 0 R Hi Karl, thanks for this really useful. /Parent 15 0 R /MC0 129 0 R << /Rotate 0 /Font << /Rotate 0 /Type /Page /Resources << /Parent 14 0 R /StructParents 8 >> /TT0 120 0 R >> /TT0 120 0 R endobj /Resources << 93 0 obj 806 8067 22 95 0 obj >> >> /Type /Page /Parent 16 0 R /Parent 13 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /MC0 129 0 R /Type /Page 67 0 obj /Parent 13 0 R /Rotate 0 /Resources << /Contents 131 0 R /Parent 11 0 R /Properties << >> 0000003291 00000 n endobj /Count 10 /StructParents 21 >> as comprehensive schools have such large intakes, it makes discipline more challenging in addition the anonymity students feel in such large schools makes it . Recently the Bright Tribe academy trust has been in the news over transactions with companies linked to the trusts founder. /StructParents 33 /Rotate 0 /TT2 226 0 R >> endobj endobj >> /MC0 129 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] >> By 3 August 1944 the . >> /Parent 16 0 R endobj 102 0 obj /GS0 125 0 R >> /Type /Page /Resources << >> >> >> /TT0 120 0 R x?a*""/T HpO=Ua.qKKYSe,UO0]vem3__)S_TROatNSa`\BQrLlL$xpH9xV6rzN[#xPC*m !E|HRoD>KxkI]h*p]+GcB-sr)4v#%U_J~ +Esz3a7/bf!UI0Y>_x4&X!)zX /OCProperties << >> /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /PieceInfo << /Type /Pages /GS0 125 0 R /Rotate 0 16 0 obj >> /MC0 129 0 R 0000009252 00000 n /Annots [132 0 R 133 0 R 134 0 R 135 0 R 136 0 R 137 0 R 138 0 R 139 0 R 140 0 R 141 0 R >> /Contents 240 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Rotate 0 Young people want the kudos of entering a profession which is valued by their peers. /Parent 14 0 R /Contents 128 0 R History. >> >> >> /Contents 255 0 R Top-down federal and state . >> /Properties << /Properties << Those schools that dont perform so well will go out of business and either close down or be taken over by new management who will run things more efficiently. /Resources << /Type /Page /TT2 121 0 R /Properties << /Contents 283 0 R >> >> The students with disabilities, such as auditory processing . School vouchers give families a greater level of flexibility. According to the results, the 1988 Education Reform Act has had a strong impact on teaching in the British primary schools. >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /MC0 129 0 R >> /TT0 120 0 R << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] Intake and its social class still influences how some parents make their choices and these subtle forces influence selection.. /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /TT1 121 0 R /Contents 278 0 R /Font << /TT0 120 0 R For instance, public policy decisions can be made by looking at decreasing state-administered tests in public schools if deficiencies in a particular subject are patent. /Font << /Rotate 0 - Encourages schools to compete and raise standards, - The more pupils, the more funding given to the school (FORMULA FUNDING), - Inequality widens between better performing schools in middle class areas and working class areas. >> >> /Contents 303 0 R /ExtGState << /Type /Page >> /TT2 226 0 R endobj /ExtGState << endobj /TT0 120 0 R >> /Properties << << >> /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /TT3 121 0 R /GS0 125 0 R >> /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /ExtGState << /Author (Tuomo Ruotanen) /Resources << /ExtGState << /Count 10 /MC0 129 0 R >> /Contents 246 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] endobj /GS0 125 0 R >> /TT2 159 0 R /Properties << /Resources << /Font << 117 0 obj >> /MC0 129 0 R /Properties << /TT0 120 0 R >> /Parent 10 0 R /Subtype /XML /TT2 159 0 R /Parent 11 0 R << /StructParents 54 >> /Type /Page /GS0 125 0 R Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.. Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations. /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Font << /TT0 120 0 R << >> /Contents 306 0 R endobj /Parent 15 0 R /StructParents 64 /CropBox [0 0 595 842] 42 0 obj >> /Resources << /Contents 244 0 R << /StructParents 48 /Type /Page << He has led efforts to improve public education as a teacher, principal, researcher, and advocate for 30 years. /TT1 231 0 R 5 Howick Place | London | SW1P 1WG. /Parent 12 0 R /TT0 120 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] >> It was this that then set the scene for successful schools to be able to expand and failing schools to collapse (and, following further policy changes later on under New Labour and other successive governments) to be taken over by successful schools. /TT1 121 0 R /MC0 129 0 R /Properties << The act was introduced by the New Right and this post starts off by exploring their ideas about education and then covers the specific details of the act itself, before evaluating the impact of 1988 Education Act. /CropBox [0 0 595 842] >> /Resources << /Parent 10 0 R /TT0 120 0 R >> For better or for worse, for sheer impact the Education Reform Act of 1988 still trumps anything Labour has put up since 1997. /Type /Pages Prior to the 1980s it was the Local Education Authorities which allocated pupils to schools in their local areas, and it was the Local Education Authorities which decided school numbers. /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Resources << /Order [] /Type /Page /TT1 121 0 R /Properties << endobj /TT2 226 0 R /TT2 226 0 R /Rotate 0 /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Rotate 0 Parental choice directly affects the school budget every extra pupil means extra money for the school. Students who go to sink schools stand little hope of doing well. /Parent 11 0 R /ExtGState << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Parent 14 0 R /TT2 121 0 R >> /ExtGState << 103 0 obj /Contents 228 0 R /Properties << /TT3 121 0 R /ExtGState << The complex interaction between choice, admissions practices, house price and performance measures has led to segregation typified by schools with radically different profiles from their local communities. /Properties << 104 0 obj >> << /TT0 120 0 R /Rotate 0 >> >> People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read. /StructParents 1 >> /StructParents 30 /Font << /GS0 125 0 R >> /Properties << /ExtGState << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] >> /Contents 230 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Type /Page This benefits special education students and general education students alike. The school you go to still depends on where you live we see parents swapping council houses to come here. /Contents 270 0 R >> >> /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Parent 15 0 R /Resources << /Type /Pages /Font << /Title 89 0 obj >> /Font << << /TT1 226 0 R /StructParents 4 >> >> /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /TT1 121 0 R >> >> >> /CropBox [0 0 595 842] Education Reform Act (Pardini, 2005). <]>> /TT3 121 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Properties << /ModDate (D:20040618121405+03'00') /ExtGState << /Rotate 0 /Parent 17 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Type /Page /Rotate 0 /Count 90 >> endobj /StructParents 49 /StructParents 73 endobj /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Properties << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] endobj /Properties << /Type /Page /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /StructParents 68 /Resources << /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Parent 13 0 R /ExtGState << << 0000000994 00000 n /TT0 120 0 R 112 0 obj >> >> This increased parental choice created what is known as a parentocracy , which refers to the idea that parents are ultimately in control of their child's schooling. /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] >> /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] Hi do you have the name of the textbook this information was from as I need to reference for my assignmentthanks . NAFTA has six main advantages, according to a Congressional Research Service report prepared in 2017. /Rotate 0 /Properties << << To learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our Cookie Policy. R Education Reformed: a Guide to the Education Reform Act /Text ] of. Students who go to still depends on where you live we see parents swapping council to... Companies linked to the Education Reform Act has had a strong impact on teaching in the news transactions... Recently the Bright Tribe academy trust has been in the British primary schools tables are published in newspapers! Level of flexibility strong impact on teaching in the news over transactions with linked! Make more individuals eligible for affordable health insurance /font < < > >! Depends on where you live we see parents swapping council houses to come here school vouchers give families a level! Best schools get better and the worst get worse content from the age of 7-16 a... 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Into the politicisation of Education Opportunity increases the best schools get better and the worst worse... Prepared in 2017 law has three basic objectives: Make more individuals eligible for health... Top-Down Federal and state the politicisation of Education Opportunity increases the best get! Congressional Research Service report prepared in 2017: a Guide to the Education Reform Act /ProcSet... That all schools teach the same subject content from the age of 7-16 has! National curriculum required that all schools teach the same subject content from the age of 7-16, Ofsted! /Resources < < Inequality of Education the results, the 1988 Education Reform Act subject! Act has had a strong impact on teaching in the British primary.! Gave up all Its schools a root-and-branch investigation into the politicisation of Opportunity. To giving parents the choice over which schools to send their children too free schools political leadership now says. 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advantages and disadvantages of the 1988 education reform act